ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES

 

IN

 

 

MACROECONOMICS:

An Introduction

 

2003 Edition

 

by Charles R. Nelson

 

Copyright © 2003 by Charles R. Nelson

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Revised July 17, 2003

 

 

 

This document may be found on the internet at:

 

http://www.econ.washington.edu/user/cnelson/ANSWERS.html

 

or may be obtained from the author; phone (206) 525-6727 or e-mail cnelson@u.washington.edu. The author grants permission to reproduce this document for distribution to classes for which MACROECONOMICS: An Introduction has been adopted as a required text.

 

 


Exercises from Chapter 1

 

An Overview of Economics

 

 

Exercises 1.1

A.        LAND CANNOT BE CHANGED AT ALL, EXCEPT IN HOLLAND.  LABOR IS NOT JUST THE NUMBER OF WORKERS BUT ALSO THEIR SKILLS, AND THAT CAN BE ENHANCED BY TRAINING AND EDUCATION.  CAPITAL IS ALL HUMAN-MADE AND SO WE CAN MAKE MORE OF IT; MORE COMPUTERS AND FASTER COMPUTERS FOR EXAMPLE.  ENTREPRENEURSHIP IS PARTLY AN ABILITY THAT SOME PEOPLE HAVE (READING ONE OF THE EXCELLENT BOOKS ABOUT BILL GATES IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED), BUT BUSINESS SCHOOLS SHARPEN ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS AND TRY TO MAKE MANAGEMENT MORE SYSTEMATIC.

 

B.            EDUCATION IS AN INVESTMENT, JUST LIKE BUYING A NEW COMPUTER.  IT COSTS MONEY, BOTH DIRECTLY AND IN TIME SPENT, AND IT RAISES PRODUCTIVITY AND THE STANDARD OF LIVING.

 

C.            SWITZERLAND HAS A MUCH LARGER AMOUNT OF MODERN CAPITAL PER WORKER AND A HIGHER LEVEL OF EDUCATION ON AVERAGE.  SINCE BOTH COUNTRIES HAVE A VERY HIGH POPULATION DENSITY (PERSONS PER SQUARE MILE), IN FACT THE DENSITIES ARE ROUGHLY EQUAL, IT MUST BE THE DIFFERENCE IN PHYSICAL CAPITAL AND HUMAN CAPITAL THAT ACCOUNT FOR THE DIFFERENCE.  BOTH HAVE ABLE ENTREPRENEURS, BUT SWISS MANAGERS WILL AGAIN HAVE MORE TRAINING ON AVERAGE.

 

D.        IT CAN INVEST IN NEW CAPITAL EQUIPMENT WITH BETTER TECHNOLOGY, AND OR TRAIN AND EDUCATE WORKERS WHO CAN USE IT. IT CAN ENACT REGULATIONS THAT HARMONIZE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INTEREST. IT CAN AFFECT THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME IN THE LONG RUN BY AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF EDUCATION TODAY. ECONOMICS CANNOT ANSWER IF A HIGHER STANDARD OF LIVING RAISES PEOPLE’S HAPPINESS!

 

 

Exercises 1.2

A.        1. CAPITAL.  2. LABOR.  3. CAPITAL.  4. LAND. 5. CAPITAL.  6. LAND.  7. ENTREPRENEUR.  8. LABOR

 

B.            William Gates III founded Microsoft Corporation, which has become one of the most successful technology companies in the world.

 

C.        1. HOUSEHOLD.  2. BUSINESS.  3.  GOVERNMENT.  4.  AS PUBLIC UNIVERSITY IT IS PART OF GOVERNMENT, BUT IT IS MUCH MORE INDEPENDENT THAN MOST GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND IN MANY WAYS OPERATES MORE LIKE A FIRM IN THE BUSINESS SECTOR.  5. BUSINESS.  6.  REST-OF-THE-WORLD SECTOR SINCE IT IS A FOREIGN FIRM.

 

D.        1. TRANSFER PAYMENTS.  2. PROVIDES THE RULES OF THE GAME FOR THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY.  3. RULES OF THE GAME.  4. TAXATION.  5.   PROVIDING GOODS AND SERVICES.  SOME WOULD ARGUE THAT THE FERRY SYSTEM IS A PUBLIC GOOD, BUT THERE ARE PRIVATE FERRY SYSTEMS IN MANY PLACES.  6.  RULES OF THE GAME.

 

E.            Russia needs to develop a legal framework which provides the “rules of the game” for the operation of a market economy.  This includes laws defining property rights, commercial relationships, and corporations.

 

 

Exercises 1.3

A.        THEY ARE: 1) WHAT WILL BE PRODUCED?  2) HOW SHOULD IT BE PRODUCED?  3) WHO WILL CONSUME IT?

 

            HOW MANY PEOPLE WILL TRAVEL AND HOW OFTEN WILL THE SERVICE BE?  WILL PEOPLE TRAVEL BY SHIP OR BY PLANE?  WHO WILL TRAVEL TO HONG KONG?

 

            TECHNOLOGY IN THE FORM OF JET AIRLINERS HAS DRASTICALLY REDUCED THE COST OF TRAVEL BOTH IN MONETARY TERMS AND IN TIME REQUIRED.  THE RESULT HAS BEEN TREMENDOUS GROWTH IN THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE TRAVELING TO HONG KONG, AND MANY WHO COULD NOT HAVE AFFORDED THE TRIP IN THE DAYS OF OCEAN LINERS ARE NOW GOING THERE ON VACATION.

 

B.            People do things that we want them to do, like making microwave ovens and cutting our hair, mainly because they gain from doing so rather than because they are just nice people.  The private enterprise economy works by harnessing the motivation of self interest to activities that benefit society.

 

C.            EMISSIONS FROM POWER PLANTS ARE AN EXAMPLE OF AN EXTERNALITY.  ACID RAIN WILL AFFECT PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT PARTY TO THE PURCHASE OF ELECTRIC POWER FROM A PARTICULAR UTILITY.  THE UTILITY WILL BE RELUCTANT TO INSTALL SCRUBBERS ON ITS OWN BECAUSE OF THE COST.  HOWEVER, IF THE COST TO SOCIETY OF HAVING ACID RAIN IS GREATER THAN THE COST OF THE SCRUBBERS THEN THE WELFARE OF SOCIETY WOULD BE IMPROVED BY REQUIRING THE POWER PLANTS TO INSTALL SCRUBBERS.

 

 

Exercises 1.4

A.        1. MICRO  2. MACRO  3. MACRO  4. MICRO  5. MACRO  6. MICRO

 

B.         THE OBJECTIVE HERE IS TO DRAW STUDENTS INTO DISCUSSION, NOT TO PROVIDE A REAL ANALYSIS OF THE ISSUES - THAT REQUIRES (AT LEAST) THE REST OF THE COURSE.  WHAT DO THEY THINK THE TWIN DEFICITS MEAN AND WHY DO PEOPLE WORRY ABOUT THEM?  WHAT WORRIES PEOPLE ABOUT THE SUCCESS OF JAPAN AND OUR LARGE TRADE DEFICIT WITH JAPAN?  DOES JAPAN’S SUCCESS HURT US?  HOW WILL THE GENERATION NOW IN COLLEGE BE AFFECTED BY THE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM AND MEDICARE OR NATIONAL HEALTH CARE?  HOW WILL MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY AFFECT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE OLD AND YOUNG?  INFLATION, RECESSION OR BOTH? IS ALWAYS TOPICAL BECAUSE THERE IS ALWAYS DISCUSSION AND SPECULATION IN THE MEDIA ABOUT THE DIRECTION OF THE ECONOMY.

 

 

Exercises for Microeconomics Supplement

A. YOUR DEMAND SCHEDULE SHOULD REFLECT THE LAW OF DEMAND, THAT THE QUANTITY DEMANDED IS GREATER THE LOWER THE PRICE. IF YOUR INCOME RISES, YOU WILL ALMOST SURELY BUY MORE OF THE GOOD AT ANY GIVEN PRICE.

 

B. THE IDEA HERE IS TO MULTIPLY YOUR DEMAND AT EACH PRICE BY THE NUMBER OF CONSUMERS IN THE U.S., MAKING THE ASSUMPTION THAT THEY ARE LIKE YOU. IF YOU THINK YOU ARE UNUSUAL, THE WORLD’S GREATEST CONSUMER OF WHATEVER, THEN YOU SHOULD ADJUST YOUR NUMBERS ACCORDINGLY. YOUR TABLE AND GRAPH SHOULD AGAIN REFLECT THE LAW OF DEMAND; HIGHER QUANTITY DEMANDED AT LOWER PRICES. THAT MEANS A DOWNWARD SLOPING DEMAND CURVE IN YOUR GRAPH. WHEN CONSUMERS ENJOY AN INCREASE IN INCOME, THE QUANTITIES DEMANDED PRESUMABLY INCREASE AT EVERY PRICE (CAN YOU THINK OF GOODS THAT ARE EXCEPTIONS TO THIS?) AND YOUR DEMAND CURVE SHIFTS TO THE RIGHT.

 

 

C. A SUBSTITUTE CAN BE ANY GOOD THAT YOU WOULD CONSIDER BUYING INSTEAD; IT NEED NOT BE PHYSICALLY SIMILAR. FOR EXAMPLE, A NEW CAR AND A VACATION TO HAWAII MAY BE SUBSTITUTES. IF THE PRICE OF THE SUBSTITUTE FALLS, THE DEMAND FOR THE ORIGINAL GOOD WILL FALL, SHIFT TO THE LEFT.

 

D. BOTH SUPPLY CURVES SLOPE FROM LOWER LEFT TO UPPER RIGHT, A POSITIVE SLOPE.  THE SHORT RUN SUPPLY CURVE WILL BE STEEPER, THOUGH, BECAUSE IT TAKES A BIGGER PRICE INCREASE TO ELICIT ANOTHER UNIT OF OUTPUT IN THE SHORT RUN THAN IT DOES IN THE LONG RUN WHILE NEW CAPACITY AND SOURCES OF SUPPLY CAN COME ON LINE. A FACTORY FIRE WILL SHIFT THE SHORT RUN SUPPLY CURVE LEFTWARD, BECAUSE AT ANY PRICE FEWER UNITS WILL BE PRODUCED THAN BEFORE. THE LONG RUN SUPPLY CURVE IS UNCHANGED, BECAUSE IN THE LONG RUN THAT FACTORY CAN BE REPLACED. THE DEMAND CURVE WILL NOT SHIFT UNLESS PEOPLE ANTICIPATE FURTHER SUPPLY CONTRACTIONS IN THE FUTURE. THE LEFTWARD SHIFT IN THE SHORT RUN SUPPLY CURVE WILL MOVE THE INTERSECTION OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND LEFT AND UP TO A HIGHER PRICE AND LOWER QUANTITY.

 

E. IF THE PRICE OF A GOOD RISES AND STAYS UP, CONSUMERS WILL ADJUST OVER TIME BY FINDING SUBSTITUTES, LEARNING TO DRINK TEA INSTEAD OF COFFEE, OR BY ADOPTING DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES OF CONSUMPTION, A SAIL BOAT INSTEAD OF AN OUTBOARD. THAT MEANS THAT THE SHORT RUN DEMAND CURVE IS STEEPER THAN THE LONG RUN DEMAND CURVE. THUS IF THE SUPPLY OF COFFEE IS RESTRICTED, SAY BY A TRADE EMBARGO, THE IMMEDIATE RESPONSE OF PRICE WILL BE A LARGE INCREASE, BUT THE PRICE WILL COME DOWN OVER A COUPLE OF YEARS AS MORE CONSUMERS FIND A BLEND OF TEA THEY LIKE AND BUY MORE EFFICIENT COFFEE MAKERS THAT EXTRACT MORE OUT OF THEIR COFFEE GROUNDS.

 

 

 


Exercises from Chapter 2

 

National Income

 

 

Exercises 2.1

A. fishing net INVESTMENT, fish CONSUMPTION, chair CONSUMPTION, spear GOVERNMENT, look-out tower GOVERNMENT, cleared garden plot INVESTMENT. Similarly, classify: theater ticket CONSUMPTION, car CONSUMPTION, taxi INVESTMENT, Boeing 747 INVESTMENT, stealth fighter GOVERNMENT.

 

 

 

Exercises 2.2

A.        All of the dollar amounts double, so income measured in dollars doubles but in terms of the real value of what is produced it remains the same.

 

B.            Income rises because now 120 cars are produced.  Wages will rise if the shares of income DISTRIBUTED TO LABOR AND CAPITAL remain roughly stable.  If the wage is $9,000 and a car still costs $10,000 then national product and income is $1,200,000, wages are $900,000, and profits are $300,000.

 

 

Exercises 2.3

A.        Now there are two less cars produced, so consumption is 88 CARS X $10,000 = $880,000, investment is 6 TRUCKS X $20,000 = $120,000, SO national product is still $1,000,000 which is $880,000 + $120,000.

            WORKERS ARE SHIFTED FROM THE AUTO INDUSTRY TO THE TRUCK INDUSTRY, SO THERE IS STILL A TOTAL OF 100 WORKERS X $8,000 PAID IN WAGES IN THE ECONOMY wages and profits are the same as before, $800,000.  LOOKING AT TABLES 2.2 and 2.3, and given the wage and prices, the profit per car is $2,000 and the profit per truck is $4,000, so profits will be 88 cars x $2,000 = $176,000, plus 6 trucks x $4,000 = $24,000, for a total of $200,000 as before.  thus, national income is again $800,000 + $200,000 = $1 million, and is of course the same as national product.

 

B.         (1) The production possibilities frontier is now

cars/1.1 + trucks • 2 = 100 workers

so the economy can produce a maximum of 1.1x100=110 cars.  (2) If the economy still produces 5 trucks then there will still be 90 worker making cars and they will produce 1.1x90 = 99 cars.  (3) The new Product and Factor Income statement for auto firms is

 

Auto Firms' Product and Factor Income in Model II, 2.3.B

 

Value of Goods Produced

 

Factor Incomes

Sales to Households
(99 cars @ $10,000)

 

990000

 

Wages
(90 workers @ $8,800)

 

792000

 

 

 

 

Profit of $198,000 allocated to-

 

 

 

 

 

Capital investment
(5 trucks @ $20,000)

 

100000

 

 

                           

 

Dividend payment to shareholders

      98,000

 

Value of Product

990000

 

Total Factor Income

990000

 

 

and for truck firms

 

Truck Firms' Product and Factor Income in Model II, 2.3.B

Value of Goods Produced

 

Factor Income

 

Sales
(5 trucks @ $20,000)

 

100000

 

Wages (10 workers
@ $8800)

 

88,000

 

 

 

 

Profit of $12,000 to-

 

 

 

                          

 

Dividend payment to shareholders

      12,000

 

Value of Product

100000

 

Total Factor Income

100000

 

 

(4)  Now the national income and expenditure are

 

National Product and Income in Model II, 2.3.B

Value of Goods Produced

 

Factor Income

Consumption goods

$990,000

 

Wages

$880,000

Investment goods

100,000

 

Profits

210,000

National Product

1,090,000

 

National Income

1,090,000

 

VERIFYING THAT Savings of $100,000 (INCOME OF $1,090,000 less consumption of $990,000) equals investment.

 

 

C.        Since investment equals savings, a low level of savings will mean that we cannot be investing much in modern technology for our industries.  THAT RAISES CONCERNS THAT THE LONG TERM GROWTH OF OUR ECONOMY MAY BE LESS THAN WE WOULD LIKE.

 

D.        1)  THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES FRONTIER IS DERIVED FROM THE FACT THAT

 

PIZZA MAKERS + OVEN MAKERS = 50 WORKERS

 

SO WE HAVE THAT

 

(1/1000) X NUMBER OF PIZZAS + 0.5 X NUMBER OF OVENS = 50

 

OR, MULTIPLYING THROUGH BY 1000 WE HAVE

 

PIZZAS + 500 X OVENS = 50,000

 

TO GRAPH THIS, PUT PIZZAS ON THE Y AXIS AND OVENS ON THE X AXIS.  NOTE THAT IF THE ECONOMY PRODUCES NO OVENS IT CAN PRODUCE 50,000 PIZZAS, AND THAT GIVES YOU A POINT AT 50,000 ON THE Y AXIS.  IF IT PRODUCES NO PIZZAS, IT CAN PRODUCE 100 OVENS AND THAT GIVES YOU THE POINT 100 ON THE X AXIS.  SINCE THIS EQUATION IS LINEAR, WE OBTAIN THE WHOLE FUNCTION BY CONNECTING THOSE TWO POINTS.  THE ECONOMY CANNOT OPERATE ABOVE THAT LINE.

 

2)  THE OPPORTUNITY COST TO THIS SOCIETY OF PRODUCING ONE MORE OVEN IS OBTAINED BY SOLVING THE EQUATION FOR PIZZAS, SO WE HAVE

 

PIZZAS =  50,000 - 500 X OVENS

 

WHICH SAYS THAT INCREASING PRODUCTION OF OVENS BY ONE REDUCES PRODUCTION OF PIZZAS BY 500.  OR NOTE THAT ONE OVEN TAKES HALF A WORKER TO MAKE, AND HALF A WORKER CAN PRODUCE 0.5 X 1,000 = 500 PIZZAS PER YEAR.  SO THE OPPORTUNITY COST OF AN OVEN IS 500 PIZZAS.

 

3)  THE ACCOUNTS FOR THIS ECONOMY WHEN IT PRODUCES 6 OVENS AND THEREFORE 50,000 - 500 X 6 = 47,000 PIZZAS IS AS FOLLOWS:

 

PIZZA Firms' Product and Factor Income, 2.3.D

 

Value of Goods Produced

 

Factor Incomes

Sales to Households
(47K PIZZAS @ $10)

 

470000

 

Wages
(47 workers @ $9,000)

 

423000

 

 

 

 

Profit of $47,000 allocated to-

 

 

 

 

 

Capital investment
(6 OVENS @ $5,000)

 

30,000

 

 

                           

 

Dividend payment to shareholders

      17,000

 

Value of Product

470000

 

Total Factor Income

470000

 

 


 

OVEN Firms' Product and Factor Income, 2.3.D

 

Value of Goods Produced

 

Factor Income

Sales
(6 OVENS@ $5,000)

 

30,000

 

Wages (3 workers
@ $9000)

 

27,000

 

 

 

Profit of $3,000 to-

 

 

                          

 

Dividend payment to shareholders

      3,000

Value of Product

30,000

 

Total Factor Income

30,000

 

 

National Product and Income, 2.3.D

Value of Goods Produced

 

Factor Income

Consumption goods

$470,000

 

Wages

$450,000

Investment goods

30,000

 

Profits

50,000

National Product

$500,000

 

National Income

$500,000

 

Savings IS NATIONAL INCOME OF $500,000 less consumption of $470,000 = $30,000 WHICH equals investment of $30,000.

 

 

Exercises 2.4

A.            Income of $960,000 less consumption of $900,000 IS $60,000 WHICH equals net investment of $60,000.

 

B.         Yes, it could produce 100 cars this year by not replacing the trucks that wear out, but the next year the AUTO INDUSTRY would have TWO LESS trucks to HELP IN MAKING CARS, and thereforE IT could not continue to produce at its previous level OF 100 CARS.  OVER TIME, THE RATE OF PRODUCTION OF CARS WOULD DECLINE AS THE CAPITAL GOODS USED TO MAKE THEM WEAR OUT.

 

C.        For the auto firms we WOULD have then

Auto Firms' Product and Factor Income in Model III, 2.4.C

Value of Goods Produced

 

Factor Incomes

Sales to Households

(90 cars @ $10,000)

 

900000

 

Wages

(90 workers @ $8,000)

 

720000

 

 

 

 

Profit of $120,000 allocated to -

 

 

Gross value of product

 

900000

 

Net investment

(2 trucks @ $20,000)

 

40,000

 

less Depreciation

(3 trucks @ $20,000)

 

-60,000                           

 

Dividend payment to shareholders

 

80,000

 

Net Value of Product

840000

 

Total Factor Income

840000

 

 

and for the economy

 

National Product and Income in Model III, 2.4.C

Value of Goods Produced

 

Factor Income

Consumption goods

900000

 

Wages

800000

Gross Investment

100000

 

Profits

140000

Gross National Product

1000000

 

 

 

less Depreciation

-60,000

 

 

 

Net National Product

940000

 

National Income

940000

 

The tables for the truck firms WILL REMAIN unchanged.

 

D.        WE WOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING TABLES FOR THIS ECONOMY:

 

Ovens at beginning of year

40

Ovens produced during year

+6

Ovens scrapped during year (depreciation)

-4

Ovens at end of year

42

 

 

Gross National Product (unchanged from before)

$500,000

less Depreciation:

4 ovens x $5,000

-20,000

equals Net National Product

$  480,000

 

 

Gross Investment

6 ovens x $5,000

$30,000

less Depreciation